Some schools have come and gone, and some have offshoots (such as the Mei'an school, a Zhucheng school offshoot). Such schools generally formed around areas where qin activity was greatest. Many qin schools known as qin pai developed over the centuries. In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
The reason to select a work played on this specific instrument is because the tonal structure of the instrument, its musical scale, is derived from fundamental physical laws related to vibration and overtones, representing the intellectual capacity of human beings on this subject. It is the longest excerpt included on the disc. In 1977, a recording of "Flowing Water" ( Liu Shui, as performed by Guan Pinghu, one of the best qin players of the 20th century) was chosen to be included in the Voyager Golden Record, a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world, which was sent into outer space by NASA on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft. The exact origins of the qin is still a very much continuing subject of debate over the past few decades. It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years, and examples have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago. Nearly all qin books and tablature collections published prior to the twentieth century state this as the actual origins of the qin, although this is now viewed as mythology. Legend has it that the qin, the most revered of all Chinese musical instruments, has a history of about 5,000 years, and that the legendary figures of China's pre-history - Fuxi, Shennong and Huang Di, the " Yellow Emperor" - were involved in its creation. Ī girl playing a guqin, Eastern Han dynasty, collection of the Musée des Arts Asiatiques de Toulon, France In 2010, a Song period guqin was sold for $22 million, making it the most expensive musical instrument ever sold. In 2006, guqin was listed in the List of National Non-material Cultural Heritage in China. On 7 November 2003, UNESCO announced that the Chinese guqin was selected as an Intangible World Cultural Heritage. There are more than 3,360 known surviving pieces of guqin music from ancient and imperial periods. The modern form has been standardized for about two millennia. By tradition, the qin originally had five strings, but ancient qin-like instruments with 10 or more strings have been found. The qin is also capable of many harmonics, of which 91 are most commonly used and indicated by the dotted positions. The use of glissando-sliding tones-gives it a sound reminiscent of a pizzicato cello, fretless double bass or a slide guitar. Sounds are produced by plucking open strings, stopped strings, and harmonics. Its lowest pitch is about two octaves below middle C, or the lowest note on the cello. The guqin is a very quiet instrument, with a range of about four octaves, and its open strings are tuned in the bass register. Other incorrect classifications, mainly from music compact discs, include " harp" or "table-harp". Because Robert Hans van Gulik's book about the qin is called The Lore of the Chinese Lute, the guqin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute. It can also be called qixian-qin (七絃琴 lit. Thus, the instrument is called " guqin" today. The prefix " gu-" (古 meaning "ancient") was later added for clarification. Traditionally, the instrument was simply referred to as the " qin" (琴) but by the twentieth century the term had come to be applied to many other musical instruments as well: the yangqin hammered dulcimer, the huqin family of bowed string instruments, and the Western piano are examples of this usage. The guqin is not to be confused with the guzheng, another Chinese long stringed instrument also without frets, but with moveable bridges under each string. It is sometimes referred to by the Chinese as "the father of Chinese music" or "the instrument of the sages". It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favoured by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement, as highlighted by the quote "a gentleman does not part with his qin or se without good reason," as well as being associated with the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius. The guqin ( ( listen) Chinese: 古琴) is a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument.
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